Phytochemical, spectroscopic and aphrodisiac studies of seed extract of Carapa procera D.C (Meliaceae) in male rodents
Keywords:
Carapa procera, Aphrodisiac, Hormonal profile, Sexual indicesAbstract
Background: Carapa procera DC Meliaceae seed is used in ethnomedicine to treat malaria and stem bark is utilized in management of male erectile dysfunction. The aim of the study is to assess the seed extract potentials in enhancing male sexual indices in male wistar albino rats.
Method: The dried seed (1505 g) was extracted successively using 5L each of n-Hexane, dichloromethane and 70% methanol for 7 days and concentrated in vacuo while the crude extract was obtained by extracting about 352 g using 70% methanol. The crude extract was administered at 86.60, 173.21 and 259.81 mg/kg/day while the fractions (173.21 mg/kg/day) to the male wistar rats for 7 days, testosterone and distilled water were used as positive and negative control. The sexual indices; Mount Latency (ML), Mount Frequency (MF), Intromission Latency (IL), Intromission Frequency (IF), Ejaculation Latency (EL) Post Ejaculatory Interval (PEI), Erection Frequency (EF), and Penile Erection (PE) were assessed.
Result: Phytochemical analysis and photochemical parameters showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, flavonoids, saponins and terpenes while anthraquinones, coumarins and tannins were absence. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Cr, Zn, Fe, while Pb, As, B, Cd, Se, Cu and Hg are below the minimum detectable level. Aphrodisiac appraisal revealed that high dose crude extract (HDCs), Dichloromethane fraction (DCMs), and Standard drug; Testosterone (STD) potentiate the testosterone level at p<0.05-0.001.The HDCs also potentiate Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), at p<0.05. The LDCs, MDCs, MTOs and MTs fraction significantly reduced ejaculation latency at p<0.05-0.01 due to increase in the sensitivity of the penile organ and significantly decreased PEI at p< 0.05-0.01. These could be due to the presence of phytochemicals as revealed by the GC-MS analysis such as Vitamin E, Lupenone, Cyclolanost-23-ene-3,25-diol, Olean-12-ene-3-one, tetrahydrofuranoandrostone and fatty acids.
Conclusion: This study confirms the potentials of C. procera seeds as aphrodisiac agents.
References
Singh R, Gupta AK and Kaka K. Traditional medicinal plants as scientifically proven aphrodisiacs. Int J Hea Bio Sci 2018; 1(1): 29-36.
Owaba ADC Etim EI Johnson EC Umoh UF. Aphrodisiac Agents Used in Traditional Medicine and Their Mechanism of Action-A Review. J. Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2021; 10(13): 126-153.
Dumaro CA Etim E Ahmadu AA. Anti-inflammatory constituents of Randia hispidia, K. Schum Rubiaceae. J Chem Pharm Res 2017; 9(2): 160-164.
Owaba ADC, Etim EI, Umoh, UF. The Effect of Stem Bark Extracts of Carapa procera D.C Meliaceae on Hormonal and Biochemical Parameters in Male Albino Wistar Rats. Int J Pharm Pharmaceut Res 2021; 21(2), 276-284.
Owaba ADC, Etim EI Johnson EC. (2022). Comparative Haematological Effect of Seed and Stem Bark Extracts of Carapa Procera D.C Meliaceae in Male Rodents. T J. Phytopharmacol, 11(1): 137-141.
Tiwari P, Kumar B, Mandeep K, Kaur G, Kaur H. Phytochemical Screening and Extraction A Reviews. Int J Pharm Sci. 2011; 1(1): 98-104.
Ndam, LM Mih AM Fongod AGN, Tening AS Tonjock RT, Enang JE Fujii Y. Phytochemical screening of the bioactive compounds in twenty (20) Camerounian medicinal plants. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014; 3(12): 768-778.
Ramachandramoorthy, T., George, S.M., Balasubramaniyan, S., Rajasekar, K., Palanivelan, L., Govindharaju, R., Jayalaskshmi, B. Phytochemical screening and Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa flowers. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2016; 6(2): 345-349.
Helaludin ABM Khalid RS Alaama M Abbas SA. Main analytical techniques used for Eemental analysis in various matrices. Trop J Pharm Res 2016; 15(2): 427-434.
Ngwu, OE Okoye, JI. Comparative evaluation of selected Medicinal plants on Fertility indices (Reproductive Hormones and Sperm profile of albino wistar rats: Animal case study. Int J Plants Soil Sci 2019; 29(2): 1-6.
Oyelowo OT Fabiyi OV Jimoh OM Owoyele BV. Aphrodisiac and male sexual characteristics in albino rats treated with the aqueous extract of Parquetina nigrescens root. Nig J. Nat Prod Med 2012; 16, 18-25.
Essien, G.E., Udobre, A.N and Thomas, P.S. Effect of methanol seed extract of Mucuna urens(1) medic on sexual beharviour and sperm parameters in male albino wistar rats. GSC Bio Pharm Sci, 2020. 11(01): 148-156.
Singh, R, Ali, A, Jeyabalan, G and Semwal, A J. An overview of the current methodologies used for evaluation of aphrodisiac agents. J Acute Dis, 2013; 85-91.
Essien, G. E., Effiong G. S and Nwafor, P. A. Evaluation of aphrodisiac potential of methanol extract of Garcinal kola seed in male rodents. Eur J Pharm Med Res 2017; 4(8): 60-65.
Etim EI Johnson EC Bassey US Nwafor PA. Phytochemical and aphrodisiac studies of ethanol root extract of Rauwolfia vomitoriaAfzel (Apocynaceae), J Pharm Bio, 2018; 15(2): 160-165.
Nwafor, P. A. (2019). My interswitch from fertility regulating plants contraceptives to aphrodisiacs.69th Inaugural Lecture of the University of Uyo, Uyo.The University of Uyo Press Ltd, Uyo, Nigeria.1-138p.
Etuk, E. U and Mohammad, AA. Fertility enhancing effects of aqueous stem bark extract of Lophira lanceolata in male Spargue dawley rats. Int J Plant Physiol and Biochem2009; (1): 001-004.
Najam, W. S. Significant value of Hormonal assays as marker for male infertility in Tikrit City. Tikrit Med J, 2012; 18(2): 314-321.
Idiogun SE, Obukohwo E. A. (2019a). Hormone Assays. In: A Handbook of Techniques in Experimental Pharmacology. Ozolua, R.I andBafor, E.E (Editors). Mindex Publishing Company Limited.; 375p.
Idiogun SE, Obukohwo E. A. (2019b). Clinical Enzyme Assays. In: A Handbook of Techniques in Experimental Pharmacology. Ozolua, R.I andBafor, E.E (Editors). Mindex Publishing Company Limited.; 375p.
Forouzanfar, F., Buzzaz, B. S. F. and Hossien, Z. (2014). Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) and its constituent (Thymoquinone): A review on antimicrobial effects. Iranian J Basic Med Sci., 17(12): 929 – 938.
Samuel, F. M., Tetteh, G., Daniel, H., Gyorgy, D., Kwadwo, N. A., Daniel, B. and Mohamed, A. Bioinorganic elemental content of the Ghanian, aphrodisiac medicinal plant, Paullinia pinnata Linn (Sapindaceae). Afric J Pharm and Pharmacol 2016; 10(11): 206 – 211.
Rajesh, N. Medicinal benefits of Musa paradisiaca (Banana). Int J Bio Res 2017; 2(2): 51 – 54.
Singh B Gupta V Bansal P Singh R Kumar D. Pharmacological potential of plants used as aphrodisiacs. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res, 2010; 5(1): 104-113.
Erhabor OJ, Idu M. Aphrodisiac potentials of the ethanol extract of Aloe barbadensis Mill root in male wistar rats. BMC Compli Altern Med 2017; 17: 341 – 360.
Collier, JD, Webster G. Liver and biliary tract disease.In:N.R. Colledge, B. R. Walter, S. H. Ralston (Editors). Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine (21stEdition). Churchil Livingstone, Elsevier, Newyork 2010; 1377p.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Drug Discovery and Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.